Welcoem to learning the parts of speech! If you don't know, parts of speech refer to all of the little things about english we apply as second nature but don't actually think about that much. Like verbs, nouns, adjectives, conjugations, etcetera. I'll explain all of them down below. To skip to a certain section, use the "ctrl+f" command and search for what you need.
Nouns are the basic ones. They are words that describe and person, place, or thing. When it comes to sentences, which we'll talk about a bit later, nouns are the words that help us identify what exactly we are talking about. Every sentence needs a noun. There are various different kinds of nouns, of which are the: Proper Noun, Common Noun, Plural Noun, Possessive Noun, Collective Noun, Abstract Noun, Compound Noun, Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun, and Material Noun. Let's go through them in basic terms.
Proper noun: A pronoun used when categorizing or designating someone or something. That makes it sound really complicated, but it's basically any specific noun. An example of a proper noun is a person or place's name. The important thing to remember is that proper nouns are always capitalized, no matter where they are in a sentence.
Common noun: Common nouns still describe people, places, and things, but in a broader form. While the name of your dog, "Charlie", is a proper noun, the word "dog" itself is a common noun. It describes a thing, but much more general terms. These nouns are not capitalized and, like the name suggests, are insanely common.
Plural noun: A plural noun is... well, the name really says it all. It's a noun that is plural, because it describes a group of people, places, or things. Plural nouns can also show ownership or posession over a person, place, or thing. This is where it starts getting complicated, because there are gramatical rules that dictacte how exactly you make a noun plural. Sometimes you can just add an -s and it works fine, but an -es may be necessary too. You may even add an -en, like in "child-ren", which is the plural of child.
Possessive noun: I know I mentioned that plural nouns can indicate possession or ownership, but there is a specific term for when a noun shows ownership. These nouns usually have an apostrophe followed by an 's', like "'s". For example, this is Sunny's website. Like everything in english grammar, there are exceptions to using the "'s", depending in how the word ends. That is on a case by case basis though, and if you're just starting to learn proper english grammar, I reccomend just looking it up.